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The new generation of Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAVs) generally fall into two categories - strategic and tactical. Northrop Grumman's RQ-4A Global Hawk is designed for long-range, long-endurance operations and with its extensive sensor fit, is considered to be a strategic asset, while the shorter range UAVs typified by General Atomics' Predator series can be regarded as tactical vehicles. There may be some overlap in these classifications due to the ability of both categories to perform similar missions, however for the purpose of discussion it's convenient to discriminate as described.
There may also be justification in the future for yet more classifications covering the growing range of Mini and Micro Airborne Vehicles intended to be used in the field down to platoon or squad level. These are typically short range (under 300km) and capable of being launched from forward areas with minimum site preparation - usually nothing more than a short length of clearing of about the same dimensions as required for a medium artillery piece. Future developments will see this space reduced even further, with vertical take-off and even small arms launch ability (eg contained in an M-79 type of projectile) |
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| Global Hawk compared to a Boeing 737 |
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Global Hawk is designed with an extensive loiter capability, typically a 3000nm transit to station, with 24 hrs loiter at 60,000ft, then 3000nm return to base. Similarly the latest versions of the smaller Predator class vehicles have endurances of up to 24hrs at 30,000ft.To achieve these endurance and altitude capabilities requires high aspect ratio glider-type wings - which creates a somewhat "delicate" aircraft. This dictates they must operate from sealed runways of around 5000ft in length, plus have considerable maintenance, tracking and support facilities. In size Global Hawk's 116ft wingspan exceeds that of a Boeing 737 passenger jet - not a small aircraft by any measure. For planning purposes the Hawk should be equated with the P-3C Orion for support and maintenance requirements. (In reality this is expected to be less)
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While some commanders would like tactical vehicles to be able to operate from forward areas without sealed runways, their extended range capability means they can be deployed from fields well back from the "front" - areas which often have the required airfield type. Once on station they can remain for up to 24hrs, (depending on distance from base) being relieved in situ by other UAVs giving extended round the clock coverage. It's estimated that a section equipped with four such aircraft could theoretically maintain continuous surveillance over an area for up to 30 days.
The RQ-4A Global Hawk has already proven itself capable of extended range operations. On May 7, 2001, a development model flew from the west coast of the USA to South Australia in a flight lasting 26hrs. The deployment was intended to give operators experience in long range operations and to test the aircraft's suitability for surveillance along Australia's North West coastline. It was during this deployment the Global Hawk test schedule passed the 1000hrs accrued flight time mark - indicative of the relative infancy of this program. After the deployment flight it went on to fly surveillance missions off northern Australia, plus missions covering joint Australian US Military excercises. Information from these sorties remains classified, however one source has suggested that it demonstrated an ability to detect people smuggling vessels operating to Australia’s north. As such its potential to replace or supplement P3C Orions on this task are now making Hawk a likely contender for Australian use. Being considerably cheaper to operate, this could relieve pressure on the already stretched Orion Squadrons. RAAF Tindal has already been tipped as a likely forward operational base for an Australian Global Hawk system, permitting extensive operations to our north and north west.
In the USA there has been considerable pressure to bring the system up to operational status. In Operation Enduring Freedom, two Global Hawks were deployed to provide surveillance over Afghanistan. Their operational base has not been revealed, however it's suspected they are flying out of Pakistan. The results from these aircraft were reported to be "above expectations."
In late December 2001, one Global Hawk crashed while returning from a surveillance mission of Afghanistan, the cause of its loss is unknown but suspected to be system failure rather than enemy action (The Hawk was at "around" 40,000ft when the problem developed). A replacement was rushed to the area and they both continue to fly in support of the ongoing operations there.
Although Global Hawk is not yet considered fully "mission" qualified, its use in theatres such as Afghanistan no doubt accelerated the learning curve. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D. Wolfowitz acknowledged that the Pentagon needed more drones and should accelerate the program to improve their performance and bring them into the inventory.
"We're learning we don't have enough of them, and we're still ironing out the bugs in terms of how to make best use of them," Wolfowitz said.
The following is an extract from a US Defense Department report
The Global Hawk High-Altitude, Long-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle program is designed to satisfy the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office's goal of providing extended reconnaissance capability to the Joint Force commander. Extended reconnaissance has been defined by the Director, DARO, Major Gen Kenneth Israel, as "the ability to supply responsive and sustained data from anywhere within enemy territory, day or night, regardless of weather, as needs dictate."
The vehicle is capable of standoff, sustained high altitude surveillance and reconnaissance. It can operate at ranges up to 3000 nautical miles from its launch area, with loiter capability over the target area of up to 24 hours at altitudes greater than 60,000 feet. Carrying electro-optical (EO), infra-red (IR), and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) payloads, it is capable of both wideband satellite and Line-Of-Sight (LOS) data link communications
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When linked with systems such as the Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System (JDISS) and the Global Command and Control System (GCCS), imagery may be transferred in real time to the operational commander for immediate use. Data will also be accessible for Indications and Warning (I&W), cueing, rapid strike tasking, combat assessment and further analysis within the chain of command within minutes of receipt.
Global Hawk’s systems aim at commonality with existing Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence architecture. Imagery will be transferred to designated analysis sites utilizing standard formats through existing communications mediums.
The system is capable of both direct line of sight communications with ground stations by a common data link or beyond line of sight through Ku band SATCOM, direct line of sight capability at a data rate of up to 274 megabits per second and 50 megabits per second by a Ku band SATCOM.
When Global Hawk missions are allocated to Army commanders, or an Army officer is the JTF commander, the Enhanced Tactical Radar Correlator (ETRAC) and Modernized Imagery Exploitation System (MIES) will process the imagery. If the U.S. Air Force is the "lead" Service, the processor would be the Contingency Airborne Reconnaissance System (CARS); if the Navy and Marines go in first, the Joint Services Imagery Processing System-Navy (JSIPS-N) would process the data. |
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